FAA Regulation

The owner of the aircraft. The manufacturer of the aircraft. The operator of the aircraft.

No, Part 107 requires a Remote Pilot certificate. Yes, as a Student Pilot they can. Yes, under the direct supervision of a remote Pilot in Command. 

Remote Pilot in Command.  Contractor Site supervisor.

Remote Pilot in Command. Commercial Balloon pilot. Designated Pilot Examiner.

An injury requiring an overnight hospital stay.  Minor bruises. Scrapes and cuts bandaged on site.

12 hours. 8 hours. 24 hours.

The applicant must have logged 20 hours of flight time. The applicant must be a US Citizen. The applicant must be at least 16 years old.

Over suburban areas. Over a parade or other social events. Over a sparsely populated area.  

Visual observer.  Person manipulating the controls. Remote PIC.

The FAA Inspector-in-Charge. The lead visual observer. The Remote Pilot in Command.